Human-automation interaction through shared and traded control applications

Automated and Highly-automated Vehicles still need to interact with the driver at different cognitive levels. Those who are SAE Level 1 or 2 consider the human in the loop all the time and require strong participation of the driver at the control level. To increase safety, trust and comfort of the driver with this kind of automation, systems with a strong cooperative component are needed. This paper introduces the design of a vehicle controller based on shared control, together with an arbitration system, and the design of a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) to foster the mutual understanding between driver and automation in a lane-keeping task. The driver-automation cooperation is achieved through incremental support, in a continuum spectrum from manual to full automation. Additionally, the design of an HMI to support the driver in a takeover maneuver is presented. This functionality is a key component of vehicles SAE Level 3 and 4.