Strategies and pathways to improve circularity in ceramic tile production

This review investigates how the ceramic tile industry can advance its transition toward a circular economy, emphasizing waste recycling as a core focus. The ceramic sector faces increasing challenges in managing waste, both from its production processes and external sources, while seeking innovative methods to minimize environmental impact. Furthermore, there is growing interest in evolving production techniques from traditional commercial practices to incorporating waste materials into ceramic manufacturing. Key themes explored include zero-waste manufacturing models and measures addressing different stages of production, such as optimizing raw material sourcing, implementing best practices, and improving the management of end-of-life products. The review examines the hurdles of integrating waste from other industries and highlights the potential for developing ceramic products derived from recycled materials. Emerging strategies, including the optimization of material formulations and the enhancement of production processes, are highlighted as key drivers for the largescale utilization of waste materials. To support this shift, the review recommends developing standardized protocols for waste characterization and establishing cross-sector partnerships to streamline resource exchange. These practical measures can help stakeholders enhance sustainability while maintaining product performance and regulatory compliance. In addition to technological innovation, regulatory incentives and market-driven policies are essential to promote circularity within the ceramic industry. Integrating environmental criteria into product standards, encouraging green labelling, and supporting research-industry collaborations can further drive the adoption of recycled materials. These combined efforts can foster long-term resilience and position the ceramic tile sector as a proactive contributor to global sustainability goals.