The Born-Translated African Novel in English, Translation, and the Space of and for African Literature.

African authors of English expression have experimented with self- and pre-emptive translation. African novels that foreground and narrate multilingualism in the English prose anticipate a characteristic of the born-translated novels of today’s globalized market of literature. As the realities of the circulation of “global” literature are governed by the same logics that, ever since the early days of postcolonial literature, have prevented the development of a market for the circulation of African literature in African languages, writing in English represents a near-necessary choice for the African writers of the former British colonies. Through the born-translated novel in English, African authors have explored ways of mediating between the need for authenticity and the demands of the publishing market. However, the appropriation of the colonial language has always been a controversial issue. Sparked off as a diatribe on the language of literature in the early 1960s, the African debate on language interrogates the social and political role of the writers and their art and thus transcends the domain of literature. Translation, in both its capacities of trans-cultural practice, and necessary condition for an expanded readership, is at the heart of this debate and plays a key role in defining a space of and for African literature. Against the background of the language debate, summarized by the opposing stances of Chinua Achebe and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, this paper discusses different approaches to the representation of Africa in and through the English language. Reference is made to Achebe’s African Trilogy novels, Ken Saro-Wiwa’s Sozaboy and Uzodinma Iweala’s Beasts of No Nation. The three authors here considered operated in different contexts and represent each a different conception of literature.