Bioactive Zn-doped hydroxyapatite coatings and their antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Zinc-doped hydroxyapatite (HA + Zn) has aroused increasing interest in bone contact applications, for its capacity to modulate osteoblast activity and for the antibacterial properties of zinc ions. In this study, HA + Zn coatings deposited by the Solution Precursor Plasma Spraying (SPPS) process were characterized. This method employs solution feedstocks providing simple and effective ion doping and resulting in the deposition of lamellae of smaller size than the conventional Atmospheric Plasma Spraying method. After a comprehensive microstructural characterization of the coatings, their bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial efficacy were investigated. The coatings' bioactivity was confirmed by soaking them in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), a commonly-used protocol to evaluate samples' bioactivity in vitro. Further, the coatings were non-cytotoxic against human osteoblast Saos-2-cells and, additionally, they showed antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The HA + Zn coatings obtained showed higher efficacy against the gram-positive S. aureus than against the gram-negative Escherichia coli. These findings demonstrate the potential of the SPPS method for fabricating Zn-doped hydroxyapatite coatings, and show that Zn ions impart antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.