Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem and since 2001 the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has published its strategy document for the diagnosis and management of COPD. This executive summary presents the main contents of the second 5-year revision of the GOLD document that has implemented some of the vast knowledge about COPD accumulated over the last years. Today, GOLD recommends that spirometry is required for the clinical diagnosis of COPD in order to avoid misdiagnosis and to ensure proper evaluation of severity of airflow limitation. The document highlights that the assessment of the COPD patient should always include assessment of 1) symptoms, 2) severity of airflow limitation, 3) history of exacerbations, and 4) comorbidities. The first three points can be used to evaluate level of symptoms and risk of future exacerbations and this is done in a way that split COPD patients into 4 categories - A, B, C and D. Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic management of COPD match this assessment in an evidence-based attempt to relieve symptoms and reduce risk of exacerbations. Identification and treatment of comorbidities must have high priority and a separate chapter in the document addresses management of comorbidities as well as COPD in the presence of comorbidities. The revised document also contains a new chapter on exacerbations of COPD. The GOLD initiative will continue to bring COPD to the attention of all relevant shareholders a